Neurology

Brain Mapping

Definition: Brain mapping is the study of the brain and spinal cord's anatomy and function through various imaging and molecular techniques, resulting in spatial representations of brain properties.

Key Techniques:

1. Imaging Techniques:

   • Intra-operative Imaging: Real-time visualization during surgeries.
   • Microscopic Imaging: High-resolution examination of brain cells.
   • Endoscopic Imaging: Minimally invasive visualization.
   • Multi-modality Imaging: Combines different imaging methods for a comprehensive view.

2. Molecular Techniques:

   • Immunohistochemistry: Visualizes proteins in brain tissues.
   • Optogenetics: Uses light to control genetically modified neurons.
   • Stem Cell and Cellular Biology: Studies stem cells' properties in the brain.

Key Measurements:

1. Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF): Indicates blood flow and metabolic activity in brain regions.
2. Regional Metabolic Rate of Glucose (rCMRglc): Assesses glucose metabolism reflecting neuronal activity.
3. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): Measures blood oxygenation and flow non-invasively.
4. Electroencephalography (EEG): Records brain's electrical activity.
5. Magnetoencephalography (MEG): Measures magnetic fields from neuronal activity.

Importance:

• Understanding Brain Function: Comprehends cognitive and motor functions.
• Clinical Applications: Aids in diagnosing and treating neurological disorders.
• Research: Facilitates studies on brain development and diseases.

Brain mapping enhances our understanding of the nervous system and informs treatment strategies in neuroscience.