Neuroimmunology & Multiple Sclerosis

Neuroimmunology is the study of interactions between the nervous system and the immune system, encompassing a broad range of autoimmune and inflammatory neurological disorders. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common neuroimmunological disorder, characterized by demyelination and axonal damage in the central nervous system. The disease often presents in young adults and can lead to physical disability, cognitive impairment, and fatigue. The pathogenesis involves immune-mediated attacks on myelin and oligodendrocytes, influenced by genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers such as viral infections and vitamin D deficiency. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, MRI imaging to detect lesions, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and evoked potentials. Management includes disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that reduce relapse rates and slow progression, corticosteroids for acute exacerbations, and symptomatic treatments for spasticity, pain, and fatigue. Neuroimmunology also encompasses conditions such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), autoimmune encephalitis, and peripheral neuropathies. Emerging therapies target specific immune pathways, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecules that modulate immune responses. Advances in biomarker research, MRI techniques, and immunogenetics improve early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and personalized treatment. Multidisciplinary care, including neurology, rehabilitation, psychiatry, and occupational therapy, is essential to optimize functional outcomes. Research continues to explore the mechanisms of neuroinflammation, remyelination, and neuroprotection, offering hope for novel therapies and improved quality of life for patients with MS and other neuroimmunological disorders.

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