Neurology

Stroke & Cerebrovascular Disorders

Stroke and cerebrovascular disorders encompass conditions caused by impaired blood flow to the brain, leading to tissue damage and neurological deficits. Stroke is the second leading cause of death globally and a major contributor to long-term disability. There are two main types: ischemic stroke, resulting from arterial blockage, and hemorrhagic stroke, caused by blood vessel rupture. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and genetic predispositions. Clinically, patients may present with sudden weakness, numbness, speech difficulties, vision problems, or loss of coordination, depending on the brain region affected. Rapid diagnosis and intervention are critical; ischemic strokes may benefit from thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, while hemorrhagic strokes often require surgical intervention and meticulous blood pressure management. Advanced imaging techniques such as CT, MRI, and perfusion studies play a pivotal role in diagnosis, guiding treatment decisions. Post-stroke rehabilitation is crucial for functional recovery, incorporating physical, occupational, and speech therapies, alongside cognitive and psychological support. Prevention strategies, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy for hypertension and anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, are essential to reduce recurrence. Recent advances include AI-assisted imaging for faster detection, tele-stroke networks for timely intervention, and novel therapeutics aimed at neuroprotection and neural repair. Stroke research increasingly focuses on understanding the mechanisms of neuronal injury, neuroplasticity, and recovery, offering hope for more effective therapies and improved long-term outcomes. Multidisciplinary care, patient education, and early rehabilitation remain central to optimizing recovery and quality of life for stroke survivors.